Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the Crown. The country was finally annexed and dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the province of Punjab. This opportunity was used by the East India Company to launch the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan (documented from Hazara (taken in 1818, again in 1836) to Bannu) ДЄfter Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement.Peshawar, Pakistan (taken in 1818, retaken in 1834).Gilgit, GilgitвЂ“Baltistan, Pakistan (occupied from 1842 to 1846).Kashmir, conquered 5 July 1819 вЂ“ 15 March 1846, India/Pakistan/China.Panjab (Punjab), Pakistan, with the capital Lahaur (Lahore).The following modern-day political divisions made up the historical Punjabi kingdom: The Punjab region was a region straddling India and the Afghan Durrani Empire. In 1799 Ranjit Singh moved the capital to Lahore from Gujranwala, where it had been established in 1763 by his grandfather, Charat Singh. The population was 3.5 million, according to Amarinder Singh's The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar. The religious demography of the Kingdom was Muslim (70%), Sikh (17%), Hindu (13%). The main geographical footprint of the country was the Punjab region to Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south and Tibet in the east. In the 19th century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh established a Punjabi Sikh Empire based around the Punjab. In relative contemporary terms, Punjabis can be referred to in four most common subgroups Punjabi Muslims, Punjabi Hindus, Punjabi Sikhs, and Punjabi Christians. With the passage of time, tribal structures are coming to an end and are being replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society, as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society. However, Punjabi identity also included those who did not belong to any of the historical tribes. Historically, the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari (literally meaning 'brotherhood') or tribes, with each person bound to a clan. More or less all Punjabis share the same cultural background.

Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue. Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural.

Prior to that the sense and perception of a common 'Punjabi' ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist, even though the majority of the various communities of the Punjab region had long shared linguistic, cultural and racial commonalities. The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common 'Punjabi' identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE. The historical Punjab region (see Partition of Punjab for important historical context) is often referred to as the breadbasket in both India and Pakistan. The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of the Indian subcontinent. The term Punjab means the five waters from Persian: panj ('five') and ДЃb ('waters'). They speak Punjabi, a language from the Indo-Aryan language family. The Punjabis ( Punjabi ( Shahmukhi): ЩѕЩ†Ш¬Ш§ШЁЫЊ, Punjabi ( Gurmukhi): аЁЄа©°аЁњаЁѕаЁ¬а©Ђ) or the Punjabi people, are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group associated with the Punjab region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent presently divided between Pakistani Punjab and Indian Punjab.

English to punjabi